Abstract

The impact of many unfavorable childhood traits or diseases, such as low birth weight and mental disorders, is not limited to childhood and adolescence, as they are also associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease. Insight into the genetic etiology of childhood and adolescent traits and disorders may therefore provide new perspectives, not only on how to improve wellbeing during childhood, but also how to prevent later adverse outcomes. To achieve the sample sizes required for genetic research, the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia were established. The majority of the participating cohorts are longitudinal population-based samples, but other cohorts with data on early childhood phenotypes are also involved. Cohorts often have a broad focus and collect(ed) data on various somatic and psychiatric traits as well as environmental factors. Genetic variants have been successfully identified for multiple traits, for example, birth weight, atopic dermatitis, childhood BMI, allergic sensitization, and pubertal growth. Furthermore, the results have shown that genetic factors also partly underlie the association with adult traits. As sample sizes are still increasing, it is expected that future analyses will identify additional variants. This, in combination with the development of innovative statistical methods, will provide detailed insight on the mechanisms underlying the transition from childhood to adult disorders. Both consortia welcome new collaborations. Policies and contact details are available from the corresponding authors of this manuscript and/or the consortium websites.

EGG Membership

Members as of July 2018 are listed in alphabetical order.

Linda S Adair1, Emma Ahlqvist2, Tarunveer S Ahluwalia3,4,5, Peter Almgren2, Wei Ang6, Mustafa Atalay7, Robin N Beaumont8, Jacques S Beckmann9, Hans Bisgaard3, Tom Bond10, Klaus Bønnelykke3, Dorret I Boomsma11,12,13,14, Judith B Borja15,16, Jonathan P Bradfield17,18, Mariona Bustamante19,20,21, Alana Cavadino22,23, Pimphen Charoen10,24, Lachlan Coin25, Cyrus Cooper26, Diana L Cousminer27,28, John A Curtin29, Adnan Custovic30, Shikta Das23, Felix R Day31, N Maneka De Silva10, George V Dedoussis32, Paul Elliott10, Johan G Eriksson33,34,35, David M Evans36,37,38, João Fadista39, Bjarke Feenstra39, Janine F Felix40,41,42, Timothy M Frayling8, Rachel M Freathy8,36, Romy Gaillard41, Frank Geller39, Vincente Gilsanz43, Struan FA Grant17,27,28,44, Niels Grarup4, Leif Groop2,45, Monica Guxens19,20,21, Dexter Hadley46, Hakon Hakonarson17,27,44, Torben Hansen4, Andrew T Hattersley8,47, M Geoffrey Hayes48, Johannes Hebebrand49, Joachim Heinrich50,51, Øyvind Helgeland52,53,54, Tine B Henriksen55, Anke Hinney49, Joel N Hirschhorn56,57,58, Marie-France Hivert59,60,61, Berthold Hocher62,63, John W Holloway64, Momoko Horikoshi65,66,67, Jouke-Jan Hottenga11,12,14, Elina Hyppönen23,68,69, Bo Jacobsson54,70, Vincent WV Jaddoe40,41,42, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin10,71,72,73,74, Stefan Johansson52,75, Heidi J Kalkwarf76, Marjan Kerkhof77, Antje Körner78,79, Sailesh Kotecha80, Eskil Kreiner-Møller3,81, Benard Kulohoma65, Zoltán Kutalik82,83, Timo A Lakka7,84,85, Joan M Lappe86, Debbie A Lawlor36,37,87, Terho Lehtimäki88,89, Alexandra M Lewin10, Cecilia M Lindgren65,90,91, Virpi Lindi7, Allan Linneberg92,93, Xueping Liu39, Jun Liu41, William L Lowe Jr48, Ronald CW Ma94,95,96, Aurélien Macé82, Reedik Mägi97, Per Magnus98, Anubha Mahajan65,66, Nina S McCarthy99, Mark I McCarthy65,66,100, Mads Melbye39,101, Karen L Mohlke102, Claire Monnereau40,41,42, Dennis O Mook-Kanamori103,104, Camilla S Morgen105, Andrew P Morris65,97,106, Jeffrey C Murray107, Ronny Myhre108, Pål R Njølstad52,53, Ellen A Nohr109, Ioanna Ntalla110, Paul O’Reilly111, Sharon E Oberfield112, Emily Oken113, Ken K Ong31,114, Kalliope Panoutsopoulou115, Oluf Pedersen4, Craig E Pennell116, John RB Perry31, Niina Pitkänen117, Beate St Pourcain36,118, Christine Power23, Rashmi B Prasad2, Inga Prokopenko65,119, Olli T Raitakari117,120, Rebecca M Reynolds121, Rebecca C Richmond36,37, Alina Rodriguez10,122, Rany Salem57,123,124,125, Seang-Mei Saw126,127, Theresia M Schnurr4, Sylvain Sebert10,71,73,128, John A Shepherd129, Angela Simpson29, Line Skotte39, Thorkild IA Sørensen4,36,105, Marie Standl50, Eric AP Steegers130, David P Strachan131, Jordi Sunyer19,20,21,132, Michelle Taylor36,37, Yik-Ying Teo126,133,134, Elisabeth Thiering50,135, Nicholas J Timpson36,37, Jessica Tyrrell8,136, André G Uitterlinden40,41,137, Cornelia M van Duijn41, Suzanne Vogelezang40,41,42, Tanja GM Vrijkotte138, Carol A Wang116, Nicole M Warrington38, William J Watkins80, H-Erich Wichmann50,139,140, Elisabeth E Widén45, Gonneke Willemsen11,12,14, James F Wilson141,142, Hanieh Yaghootkar143, Mohammad Hadi Zafarmand138,144, Eleftheria Zeggini115, Babette S Zemel145

1Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, SE-205 02, Sweden. 3COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. 4Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark. 5Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark. 6Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. 7Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland. 8Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. 9University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland. 10Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK. 11Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands. 12Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 13Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 14Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands. 15USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. 16Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. 17Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 18Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA. 19ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 20Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 21CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, 28029, Spain. 22Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 23Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. 24Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. 25Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. 26Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. 27Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 28Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA. 29Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK. 30Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 31MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. 32Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, 17671, Greece. 33National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland. 34Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, 00014, Finland. 35Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, 00250, Finland. 36Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. 37Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. 38University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. 39Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, DK-2300, Denmark. 40The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 41Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 42Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 43Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. 44Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 45Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 46Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. 47NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School and Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. 48Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. 49Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45141, Germany. 50Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. 51Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. 52KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5020, Norway. 53Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway. 54Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0473, Norway. 55Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, DK-8200, Denmark. 56Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. 57Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 58Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. 59Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. 60Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. 61Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada. 62Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany. 63The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. 64Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. 65Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK. 66Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK. 67RIKEN, Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney diseases, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. 68Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. 69South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. 70Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 15 SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden. 71Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland. 72Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland. 73Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland. 74Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK. 75Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. 76Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. 77Observational & Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore. 78Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women´s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany. 79IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany. 80Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff Univeristy, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. 81Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, DK-2100, Denmark. 82Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland. 83Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland. 84Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland. 85Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, 70100, Finland. 86Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. 87Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK. 88Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 89Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland. 90Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK. 91The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA. 92Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, 2000, Denmark. 93Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 94Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 95Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 96Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 97Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. 98Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway. 99Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease (GOHaD), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6000, Australia. 100Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK. 101Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 102Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. 103Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands. 104Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands. 105Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1014, Denmark. 106Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK. 107Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. 108Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway. 109Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DK-5000, Denmark. 110William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. 111Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK. 112Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. 113Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. 114Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. 115Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1HH, UK. 116School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. 117Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland. 118Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, The Netherlands. 119Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 120Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland. 121BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK. 122Department of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, SE-831 25, Sweden. 123Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 124Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. 125Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 126Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, 119077, Singapore. 127Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, 168751, Singapore. 128Department of Genomics of Complexe Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK. 129Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Center, University of Hawaii (Manoa), Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA. 130Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 131Population Health Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK. 132IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 133Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore. 134Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. 135Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, 80337, Germany. 136European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, TR1 3HD, UK. 137Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 138Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands. 139Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, D-80333, Germany. 140Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, 81377, Germany. 141Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK. 142MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. 143Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK. 144Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands. 145Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

EAGLE Membership

Members as of July 2018 are listed in alphabetical order.

Tarunveer S Ahluwalia1,3, Juha Auvinen4, Meike Bartels5,6,7, Jose Ramon Bilbao8,9,10, Hans Bisgaard1, Klaus Bønnelykke1, Dorret I Boomsma5,6,7,11, Jonathan P Bradfield12,13, Mariona Bustamante14,15,16, Zhanghua Chen17, John A Curtin18, Adnan Custovic19, George Davey Smith20,21, Gareth E Davies22, Liesbeth Duijts23,24,25, Peter R Eastwood26,27, Anders U Eliasen28,29, Xavier Estivill30, David M Evans20,21,31, Iryna O Fedko5,6, Janine F Felix23,32,33, W James Gauderman17, Frank Gilliland17, Raquel Granell21, Struan FA Grant12,34,35,36, Monica Guxens14,15,16, Hakon Hakonarson12,34,35, Catharina A Hartman37, Joachim Heinrich38,39, Anjali K Henders40, John Henderson21, Patrick Holt41, Jouke-Jan Hottenga5,6,7, Elina Hyppönen42,43,44, Carmen Iñíguez16,45,46, Bo Jacobsson47,48, Vincent WV Jaddoe23,32,33, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin4,49,50,51,52, Astanand Jugessur53,54,55, Mika Kähönen56,57, Jaakko Kaprio58,59, Ville Karhunen60, John P Kemp20,21,31, Gerard H Koppelman61, Ashish Kumar62,63, Jari Lahti64,65, Henrik Larsson66,67, Debbie A Lawlor20,21,68, Terho Lehtimäki69,70, Jin Li12, Paul Lichtenstein67, Sebastian Lundström71,72, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen69,70, Per Magnus54, Abdullah A Mamun73, Minna Mannikko4, Nicholas G Martin74, Hamdi Mbarek5,6,7,11, Sarah E Medland74, Erik Melén62,75, Christel M Middeldorp6,76,77, Jackob M Najman78, Michel G Nivard5,6, Ilja M Nolte79, Albertine J Oldehinkel37, Katja Pahkala80,81, Teemu Palviainen58, Lavinia Paternoster20,21, Craig E Pennell82, Göran Pershagen62,83, Niina Pitkänen80, Robert Plomin84, Beate St Pourcain20,85, Christine Power44, Lea Pulkkinen86, Katri Räikkönen65, Olli T Raitakari80,87, Rebecca C Richmond20,21, Fernando Rivadeneira23,32,88, Richard J Rose89, Loreto Santa-Marina16,90,91, James G Scott78,92,93, Sylvain Sebert4,49,50,94, Saskia Selzam84, Angela Simpson18, Patrick MA Sleiman12,35, Harold Snieder79, Marie Standl38, Camilla Stoltenberg95, David P Strachan96, Leon Straker97, Timo Strandberg4,98,99, Jordi Sunyer14,15,16,100, Elisabeth Thiering38,101, Henning Tiemeier102,103, Nicholas J Timpson20,21, Maties Torrent16,104,105, André G Uitterlinden23,32,88, Toos van Beijsterveldt5,6, Peter J van der Most79, Cornelia M van Duijn32, Jorma Viikari106,107, Natalia Vilor-Tejedor108,109, Judith M Vonk79,110, Tanja GM Vrijkotte111, Eero Vuoksimaa58, Carol A Wang82, Andrew JO Whitehouse41, Gonneke Willemsen5,6,7, Gail M Williams78, Naomi R Wray40,112, Shujing Xu17, Cheng-Jian Xu61, Lu Yi67, Mohammad Hadi Zafarmand111,113

1COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. 2Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark. 3Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, 2820, Denmark. 4Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland. 5Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands. 7Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands. 8University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain. 9Biocruces Health Research Institute, Spain. 10CIBER Diebetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain. 11Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 12Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 13Quantinuum Research LLC, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA. 14ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 15Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 16CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, 28029, Spain. 17Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. 18Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK. 19Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. 20Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. 21Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK. 22Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA. 23The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 24Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 25Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 26School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia. 27West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Department of Pulmonary Physiology & Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, WA, Australia. 28Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 29Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark. 30Sidra Medicine Research Center, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar. 31University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. 32Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 33Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 34Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 35Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. 36Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA. 37Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 38Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. 39Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. 40Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. 41Telethon Kids Institute (TKI), The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia. 42Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. 43South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. 44Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. 45Department of Statistics and Computational Research, Universitat de València, Spain. 46Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Spain. 47Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Diagnosvägen 15, SE-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden. 48Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0473, Norway.
49Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK. 50Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland. 51Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland. 52Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK. 53Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway. 54Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, N-0403, Norway. 55Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway. 56Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 57Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. 58Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 59Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 60Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 61University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 62Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. 63Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland. 64Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 65Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 66School of Medicine Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden. 67Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. 68Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK. 69Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 70Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland. 71Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. 72Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. 73Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. 74QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia. 75Sachs’ Children’s Hospital, Sweden. 76Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 77Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 78School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. 79Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 80Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland. 81Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 82School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. 83Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden. 84MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, UK. 85Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, The Netherlands. 86Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. 87Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20520, Finland. 88Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands. 89Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. 90Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain. 91Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain. 92Metro North Mental Health Service, QLD, Australia. 93Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, QLD, Australia. 94Department of Genomics of Complexe Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK. 95Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway. 96Population Health Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK. 97School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia. 98Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 99Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 100IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, 08003, Spain. 101Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, 80337, Germany. 102Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 103Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA. 104ib-salut, Area de Salut de Menorca, Spain. 105Fundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears – IdISBa, Spain.
106Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 107Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 108Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain. 109Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain. 110Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands. 111Department of Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands. 112Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. 113Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.